44 UCC Section 4A-406 is entitled “Payment by Originator to Beneficiary; Discharge of underlying obligation”. Subsection (a) provides in broad terms that the originator of a funds transfer pays the beneficiary of the originator’s payment order (i) at the time a payment order for the benefit of the beneficiary is accepted by the beneficiary’s bank in the funds transfer and (ii) in an amount equal to the amount of the order accepted by the beneficiary’s bank, but not more than the amount of the originator’s order. As doctrine points out with reference also to the official comments to the UCC, this provision suggests that payment by the originator to the beneficiary is accomplished by providing to the beneficiary the obligation of the beneficiary’s bank to pay45.
156 Christoforos E. Dimitriou 44 UCC is not a federal law, but a product of the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws and the American Law Institute. Both of these organizations are private entities that recommend the adoption of UCC by state governments. All states and territories of the U.S. have enacted some version of UCC. (Source: https://www.sba.gov ). UCC provisions presented in this Article are sourced from the Legal Information Institute of the Cornell Law School at https://www.law.cornell.edu/ucc . The Institute’s collection aims to show each section of the UCC in the version which is most widely adopted by states. 45 Benjamin Geva, The Law of Electronic Funds Transfers, first published in 1992 (looseleaf, updated annually), par. 2.11[4].
DIMITRIOU.qxp_TIMHTIKOS TOMOS 8/9/16 8:36 πμ Page 156 This obligation arises when the beneficiary’s bank accepts a payment order and is set out in UCC Section 4A-404(a) that corresponds in a way to Article 73(1) of the PSD. UCC Section 4A-406 further provides in its subsection (b) that if payment is made to satisfy an obligation, the obligation is discharged to the same extent discharge would result from payment to the beneficiary of the same amount in money, unless (i) the payment was made by a means prohibited by the contract with respect to the obligation, (ii) the beneficiary, within a reasonable time after receiving notice of receipt of the order by the beneficiary’s bank, notified the originator of the beneficiary’s refusal of the payment, (iii) funds with respect to the order were not withdrawn by the beneficiary or applied to a debt of the beneficiary, and (iv) the beneficiary would suffer a loss that could reasonably have been avoided if payment had been made by a means complying with the contract. The conditions (i) – (iv) have to apply cumulatively and are designed to protect the beneficiary from default by the beneficiary’s bank46.
Interestingly, subsection (b) of UCC Section 4A-406 concludes by providing that if payment by the originator does not result in discharge, the originator is subrogated to the rights of the beneficiary to receive payment from the beneficiary’s bank. In Part B.4 above it was assumed that the debtor and creditor have agreed to use commercial bank money. Allowing ourselves to think for a moment under the UCC under the same assumption, condition (i) of UCC Section 4A-406(b) would not be met and hence acceptance of the payment order by the beneficiary’s bank would in any case constitute discharge of the originator’s obligation. The beneficiary would be left with the loss caused by its bank’s default (UCC Section 4A-406(b), point (iv)) even if both of the other conditions set out in UCC Section 4A-406(b), points (ii) and (iii), were met.
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